摘要 :
The adolescent period is associated with changes in eating and activity behaviors in girls. Less reliance on parental provision and choice of food, coupled with a decrease in participation in physical activity and sport, can creat...
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The adolescent period is associated with changes in eating and activity behaviors in girls. Less reliance on parental provision and choice of food, coupled with a decrease in participation in physical activity and sport, can create an energy imbalance, predisposing to weight gain. Physiological alterations to body composition, reduction in insulin sensitivity, and psychological adjustments may further amplify the risk of becoming overweight and maintaining an unhealthy level of body fat into childbearing years. During pregnancy excess body fat is a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcomes and may predispose an infant to a lifelong heightened risk of being overweight and developing chronic disease. Interventions aimed at preventing the accumulation of body fat in adolescent girls and young women may have far reaching impact and be critically important in reducing intergenerational weight gain. Lifestyle interventions in adolescence have the potential to modify adult obesity risk by switching at-risk individuals from a high to lower obesity risk trajectory. This paper discusses multiple approaches to assist at-risk individuals reduce obesity risk. A key focus is placed on engagement in food preparation and choice, and opportunities for physical activity and sport. Support, education, and opportunity at home and at school, are often associated with the success of lifestyle interventions, and may enable adolescents to make positive choices, and engage in health promoting behaviors during adolescence and childbearing years.
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摘要 :
The adolescent period is associated with changes in eating and activity behaviors in girls. Less reliance on parental provision and choice of food, coupled with a decrease in participation in physical activity and sport, can creat...
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The adolescent period is associated with changes in eating and activity behaviors in girls. Less reliance on parental provision and choice of food, coupled with a decrease in participation in physical activity and sport, can create an energy imbalance, predisposing to weight gain. Physiological alterations to body composition, reduction in insulin sensitivity, and psychological adjustments may further amplify the risk of becoming overweight and maintaining an unhealthy level of body fat into childbearing years. During pregnancy excess body fat is a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcomes and may predispose an infant to a lifelong heightened risk of being overweight and developing chronic disease. Interventions aimed at preventing the accumulation of body fat in adolescent girls and young women may have far reaching impact and be critically important in reducing intergenerational weight gain. Lifestyle interventions in adolescence have the potential to modify adult obesity risk by switching at-risk individuals from a high to lower obesity risk trajectory. This paper discusses multiple approaches to assist at-risk individuals reduce obesity risk. A key focus is placed on engagement in food preparation and choice, and opportunities for physical activity and sport. Support, education, and opportunity at home and at school, are often associated with the success of lifestyle interventions, and may enable adolescents to make positive choices, and engage in health promoting behaviors during adolescence and childbearing years.
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Since Western lifestyles can foster obesity and other problems, attention is turning to active travel (AT) as a means of increasing physical activity for both adults and children. Children's routines regularly focus on trips to an...
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Since Western lifestyles can foster obesity and other problems, attention is turning to active travel (AT) as a means of increasing physical activity for both adults and children. Children's routines regularly focus on trips to and from school which can admit walking and other AT. Yet promoting such an approach encounters a problem around the relative influence on AT of urban form and family decision making. To address it, this study applies the recently-constructed Model of Children's Active Travel (M-CAT). Via its formulations, two field sites in Queensland, Australia, were selected based on objective physical characteristics, determined as supportive and not supportive of children's AT. Parents of 206 children aged 9 to 12 years were surveyed. While 43% reported that their children used AT, a significant difference was observed among children dwelling in areas identified as having high as opposed to low support. Behind this clear result, objective attributes of the physical environment, parents' perceptions and evaluations of urban form and child and family characteristics link in intricate ways to determine children's level of engagement. The inquiry argues for an interdisciplinary approach involving urban designers, planners and health care professionals to address a complex physical and social interaction.
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This systematic review examined the psychometric properties and application of assessments used to evaluate participation outcomes and environmental factors for children with acquired brain injury [ABO. An electronic search of eig...
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This systematic review examined the psychometric properties and application of assessments used to evaluate participation outcomes and environmental factors for children with acquired brain injury [ABO. An electronic search of eight databases for articles published up to June 2009 revealed reference to 98 outcome measures. According to inclusion criteria based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health QCF: Child and Youth version), five were identified as measures of participation (Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment [CAPE], Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation [CASP], Assessment of Life Habits for Children [LIFE-H], Participation Index of the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Index [M2PI], and the Participation Subscale of the School Function Assessment [SFA-PS]). Six were identified as measures of environment (Child and Adolescent Scale of Environment [CASE], Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors [CHIEF], European Child Environment Questionnaire [ECEQ], Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes [FILE], HOME Inventory, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Scale [MSPSS]}. The measures were critiqued in relation to content, validity, reliability, clinical utility, responsiveness, and overall strengths/weaknesses. These measures need to be evaluated more extensively with children who have ABI to further determine their psychometric properties and clinical usefulness with this population.
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Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by difficulties with communication, social interaction, and restricted and repetitive behaviours. For children with this disorder, the ability to engage with...
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Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by difficulties with communication, social interaction, and restricted and repetitive behaviours. For children with this disorder, the ability to engage with people and activities, and to participate in everyday occupations is compromised. Animal assisted therapy has been proposed as an intervention modality to facilitate development of an individual’s social behaviours such as engagement and attention. In spite of the increasing evidence showing the positive impact animal assisted therapy can have for children on the autism spectrum, there remain no universal standards or formalised guidelines for ethical practice with either the clients or the therapy dogs involved. The proposed pilot randomised control trial aims to determine the impact of canine assisted occupational therapy on the on-task behaviours and overall goal attainment of children on the autism spectrum, as well as consider the impact that being involved within therapy sessions has on the therapy dog.
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Family-centered early childhood services for children with physical disability and their families can afford developmental advantage for children and avert unnecessary stress for families. This study aimed to determine how charact...
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Family-centered early childhood services for children with physical disability and their families can afford developmental advantage for children and avert unnecessary stress for families. This study aimed to determine how characteristics of children and families and perceptions of family-centered practice (FCP) relate to satisfaction with early childhood services. Participants comprised parents or carers of children up to 9 years with a physical disability who were accessing early childhood services. Participants completed The European Parent Satisfaction Scale about Early Intervention, Functional Independence Measure for Children, Measure of Processes of Care, and a sociodemographic parent survey. Overall, families (n = 112) reported being relatively satisfied with early childhood services. There was a significant positive relationship between parent perceptions of FCP (coordinated and comprehensive care and providing general information) and satisfaction (beta= 3.13 and 1.75, respectively). These aspects of FCP accounted for 68% of the variance in satisfaction scores. Children's level of disability and families' sociodemographic characteristics were not related to satisfaction ratings. These findings suggest that not all aspects of FCP contribute equally to overall satisfaction. Service providers need to pay particular attention to the information needs of families and ensuring that services are well-coordinated and appropriate.
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Introduction: Tapes have been used to aid fresh wound closure. For hypertrophic scars, the use of tapes as a therapy to reduce the mechanical forces that stimulate excessive and long-term scarring is yet to be evaluated. The aim o...
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Introduction: Tapes have been used to aid fresh wound closure. For hypertrophic scars, the use of tapes as a therapy to reduce the mechanical forces that stimulate excessive and long-term scarring is yet to be evaluated. The aim of this comprehensive review was to explore the current clinical application of tapes, as a minimally invasive option, as purposed specifically for the management of hypertrophic scarring, regardless of scar causation. Method: Databases were searched using MeSH terms including one identifier for hypertrophic scar and one for the intervention of taping. Studies included the following: patients who received tape for a minimum of 12 weeks as a method of wound closure specifically for the purpose of scar prevention; those who received tape as a method of scar management after scar formation; reported outcomes addressing subjective and/or objective scar appearance; and were available in English. Results: With respect to non-stretch tapes, their use for the prevention of linear surgical scarring is evident in reducing scar characteristics of height, colour and itch. Statistically significant results were found in median scar width, reduction in procedure times and overall scar rating. Tapes were predominately applied by participants themselves, and incidence of irritation was infrequently reported. After 12 months, significance with respect to scar pain, itch, thickness and overall scar elevation was reported in one study investigating paper tape. Two papers reported the use of high stretch tapes; however, subjective results limited formal analysis. Although the use of taping for abnormal hypertrophic scar management is in its infancy, emerging research indicates tapes with an element of stretch may have a positive impact. Conclusions: Non-stretch tapes, for the prevention of linear surgical scarring, are effective in reducing scar characteristics of height, colour and itch. Paper tapes have shown effectiveness when applied during wound remodelling or even on mature scarring, with reported subjective changes in scar colour, thickness and pliability. Preliminary evidence of the benefits of high-stretch, elasticised tapes for scar management in the remodelling phase of wound healing have also been reported.
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This study identified the relative pattern of performance on measures of visual perception and executive functions in children with school-related occupational performance difficulties. The participants were 46 children aged 5 to ...
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This study identified the relative pattern of performance on measures of visual perception and executive functions in children with school-related occupational performance difficulties. The participants were 46 children aged 5 to 10 years (M = 7.4, SD = 1.3) referred to an occupational therapy clinic for difficulty in performing tasks such as handwriting, and cutting with scissors. Children completed the Developmental Test of Visual Perception, 2nd edition (DTVP-2), and parents and teachers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Results on the DTVP-2 identified that approximately one-third of the sample displayed impairments in visual perception, and children were more likely to demonstrate difficulties in the area of metacognition than behavioral regulation on the BRIEF. There were minimal significant correlations between the subscales of the DTVP-2 and BRIEF. Classification of children's executive functions on the BRIEF differed according to parent and teacher ratings, thus highlighting the importance of contextual influences in this assessment. Findings are discussed in relation to tailoring both assessment and intervention practices.
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Aim: To investigate measurement properties and feasibility of upper limb activity measures in children aged 5-18 years with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Five electronic databases were searched to identify measures of up...
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Aim: To investigate measurement properties and feasibility of upper limb activity measures in children aged 5-18 years with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Five electronic databases were searched to identify measures of upper limb activity with published psychometric data for children with bilateral CP aged 5-18 years. Measures included both Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) and observational measures. The COnsensus-based Standards for selection of health Measurement Instruments checklist was used to evaluate methodological quality of studies for each measure. Results: Forty-eight measures were identified, eight of which met inclusion criteria for reliability and validity. Four PROMs were included: the ABILHAND-Kids and Children's Arm Rehabilitation Measure are parent questionnaires measuring overall manual ability; the ACTIV-LIM-CP is a parent questionnaire measuring global activity (upper and lower extremity) performance, and, the Pediatric Upper Limb Measure, Short Form is a child self-report questionnaire. Four observational measures were included: the Both Hands Assessment (BoHA) is an observational measure of bimanual activity performance; the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function and the Melbourne Assessment 2 measure quality of movement of each upper limb separately, and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Second Edition assesses fine motor skill capacity in young children. Based upon available evidence, the most suitable PROM for evaluation of upper limb activity in children with bilateral CP is the ACTIVLIM-CP, and the most suitable observational measure is the BoHA. Conclusion: Selection of upper limb measures depend on clinical information required and available resources. The BoHA is the only observational-based assessment which measures bimanual upper limb activity performance in children with bilateral CP. Recommendation for future measurement studies include familiarisation with the standards required for excellence, which include adequate sample size and content validity studies for PROMs.
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Recent years have seen growing research highlighting the benefits of human-animal interaction for the health and wellbeing of autistic children. This is particularly so for interaction with dogs. The human-animal bond advocates th...
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Recent years have seen growing research highlighting the benefits of human-animal interaction for the health and wellbeing of autistic children. This is particularly so for interaction with dogs. The human-animal bond advocates that the mutual benefits of this interaction for both humans and animals are crucial and that equal consideration be placed on the welfare of the animals. However, limited research is available exploring the impact on the welfare of dogs when interacting with autistic children. This study aimed to assess changes in stress biomarkers including salivary cortisol, alpha amylase, and oxytocin, as well as behaviour observations of a therapy dog involved in canine-assisted therapy sessions with autistic children. Results from this study found that the therapy dog did not experience significant changes in stress indicators on days working with autistic children, compared to days spent at home. This study highlights the need for further research regarding therapy dog welfare when interacting with autistic children.
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